Which environmental law requires federal agencies to assess environmental impacts of proposed major actions?

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires federal agencies to assess the environmental impacts of proposed major actions. Enacted in 1969, NEPA established a national framework for considering the environmental consequences of projects or actions proposed by federal agencies. This law mandates that before any federal project is approved, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) must be prepared, which evaluates the potential environmental effects, alternative actions, and possible mitigations.

The purpose of NEPA is to ensure that environmental factors are weighted equally when compared with other factors in the decision-making process. This requirement allows for transparency and public participation, as the findings of the EIS must be made available for review and comment. By fostering informed decision-making, NEPA aims to protect the environment and promote sustainable development.

The other options, while important environmental laws, do not specifically require the assessment of environmental impacts of proposed federal actions in the same manner as NEPA. The Clean Water Act focuses on regulating water pollution, the Toxic Substances Control Act regulates chemicals, and the Clean Air Act addresses air pollution, but none includes the comprehensive environmental impact assessment mandate that NEPA does.