What ethical theory requires individuals to do what is just even if it results in personal harm?

The theory that requires individuals to act justly, regardless of personal consequences, is Kantian ethics. This ethical framework, developed by philosopher Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the importance of duty and moral obligation. According to Kantian ethics, the rightness of an action is determined not by its outcomes but by whether it aligns with a moral principle or duty. Individuals should act according to maxims that can be universalized and treat all individuals with respect and dignity.

This principle leads to the idea that one must often prioritize moral duties over personal gains or avoidances, thereby accepting potential personal harm in the process of doing what is ethically right. The commitment to justice and moral law establishes a framework where ethical decisions are made based on reason and the inherent worth of individuals, rather than on the consequences of those decisions.

In contrast, virtue ethics focuses on the character of the individual rather than on adherence to universal moral laws. Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of actions based on their consequences, seeking the greatest good for the greatest number, and does not necessarily prioritize justice over personal benefit. Entitlement theory revolves around principles of ownership and the legitimacy of acquiring resources, which is not directly related to the requirement of acting justly at personal cost.